Hadley

Braille Special Symbols 7 – Bold, Underline, Italics

Opening

Hadley presents Braille Special Symbols, Workshop 7: Bold, Underline, Italics.

Page 1

To begin, make sure you have your braille workbook with you. If you don’t already have one, call Hadley at 847-784-2816, and we’ll mail one right out to you.

Now let's learn one more set of special symbols. These are typeform indicators.

Typeform indicators tell us which typeface is being used in print. In this workshop we’ll discuss bold, italics, and underline.

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page.

This says: Typeforms Overview

Above the middle line is a chart that shows the different typeform symbols.

In this chart, the rows show the different typeform symbols as they’re used for a word, a symbol, a passage, or a terminator. And the columns organize the symbols by bold, italics, and underline.

Notice that each typeform indicator has two cells. The first cell tells the specific typeface being used—whether it’s bold, italics, or underline.: And the second cell tells if the typeform applies to a word, a symbol, or a passage—or if it’s a terminator.

Use the Pause button, or Spacebar, for as long as you want, to explore the chart. Then select the Play button, or press the Spacebar again, to continue.

Below the middle line are three rows of braille.

Let's read them together.

The first row says: had: with the entire word in bold type.

The next row says: 45 not 65

with just the 4 and the 6 underlined.

And the last row says: George H. W. Bush

with the entire passage in italics.

There’s also an italics terminator at the end of the passage. You’ll learn more about that later in this workshop.

Turn the page.

Page 2

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page. This is a bold word indicator, an italic word indicator, and an underlined word indicator.

Above the middle line are three rows of braille.

The first row shows the bold word indicator.

The next row shows the italic word indicator.

The last row shows the underlined word indicator.

Below the middle line are three more rows of braille.

Let's read them together.

The first row says: come: in bold.

The next row says: every

in italics.

The last row says: 378

and the whole number is underlined.

Move to the next page.

Page 3

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page. This is a bold word indicator.

The bold word indicator is dots 4, 5 in the first cell—which tells us the typeface being used is bold—and dot 2 in the second cell—which tells us the bold applies to the word that follows.

Above the middle line are three rows of braille.

Once again, use the Pause button or the Spacebar to stop the audio for as long as you need, to read or complete an activity. Then select the Play button, or press the Spacebar again, to hear the feedback.

Which row shows the bold word indicator?

If you said the middle row, you got it.

Below the middle line are three rows of braille.

What does the first row say?

The first row says: STOP: in bold and in all capital letters.

Notice that the typeform indicator comes first, and the capital word indicator touches the word.

Now try the next row.

This one reads: Do not leave!

with the word “not” in bold.

How about the last row?

If you read: Save $200 on all appliances.

with “$200” in bold, you got it.

Notice that the word indicator tells us an entire sequence of symbols is in bold. This is true whether the sequence contains words with or without contractions, whole-word contractions, group signs, numbers, or punctuation.

Turn the page.

Page 4

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page. This is the italic word indicator.

The italic word indicator is dots 4, 6 in the first cell—which tells us that the typeface is italics—and dot 2 in the second cell. Do you recall what the dot 2 tells us?

The dot 2 tells us the following word is in a specific typeface.

Above the middle line are three rows of braille.

Which row shows the italic word indicator?

If you said the first row, you got it.

Below the middle line are three more rows of braille.

Go ahead and read the first row.

This is the word: only

written in italics.

Now give the next row a try.

If you read: ALWAYS

in italics and all capitalized, you got it!

Finally what does the last row say?

The last row says: Please do not walk on the grass.

And the words do and not are each italicized.

Go to the next page.

Page 5

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page. This is an underlined word indicator.

The underlined word indicator is dots 4, 5, 6 in the first cell—which tells us the typeface is underline—and dot 2 in the second cell.

Above the middle line are three rows of braille.

Which row shows the underlined word indicator?

If you said the last row, you got it!

Below the middle line are three more rows of braille.

What does the first row say?

If you read the word: free

—all underlined, you got it!

Now read the next row.

This row has the number: 853

—and the whole number is underlined.

Finally give the last row a try.

The last row is the underlined word had

Turn the page.

Page 6

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page. This is a bold word indicator, an italic word indicator, and an underlined word indicator.

Above the middle line are three columns of braille.

Recall that the first cell of any typeform indicator tells which typeform is being used.

Read all three columns of braille, and find which column has the typeform indicators in this order: underlined word, bold word, and italic word.

If you chose the last column, you got it.

Below the middle line are two sentences.

Read the first sentence and find which word is underlined.

It’s the word: start!

In the same sentence, find which word is italicized.

If you said: stop

— you got it!

Now read the second sentence—and this time, find which word is bold and which word is italicized.

In this sentence, the word: what?: is in bold,

and the word: cat

is italicized.

Note that in these two sentences the ending punctuation would also be affected by the indicators since they are part of the symbol sequence.

Move to the next page.

Page 7

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page. This is a bold symbol indicator, an italic symbol indicator, and an underlined symbol indicator.

Recall that the second cell of an indicator tells us what the typeform is being applied to. These three indicators tell us the typeform is being applied only to the next symbol.

Above the middle line are three rows of braille.

The first row shows the bold symbol indicator.

The next row shows the italic symbol indicator.

The last row shows the underlined symbol indicator.

Below the middle line are three more rows of braille.

Let's read them together.

The first row has a bold symbol indicator, then the word: play

For this word, only the p is in bold typeface.

The middle row has an italic symbol indicator and the word: found

The f is the only italicized symbol in the word “found.”

Finally, let's read the last row.

This one has an underlined symbol indicator and the word: amount

Only the letter a is underlined.

Turn the page.

Page 8

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page. This is a bold symbol indicator—dots 4, 5 in the first cell, and dots 2, 3 in the second cell.

Above the middle line are three rows of braille.

Which row shows the bold symbol indicator?

Did you find it in the last row? That’s it!

Below the middle line are three rows of braille.

Go ahead and read the braille in the first row.

The first row says: mice not nice

and the bold symbol indicators tell us the m in “mice” and the n in “nice” are in bold.

Now try the second row and find what’s in bold in this row.

Did you read: Is the e in five silent?

And did you find the letter e, with a grade 1 indicator, is in bold? Well done!

Notice that typeform indicators always come before any other indicators, like capital indicators and grade 1 indicators.

Finally, read the last row to find which symbols are in bold typeface.

This one says: LOL stands for laugh out loud.

The l in “laugh,” the o in “out,” and the l in “loud” are all in bold.: When a typeform symbol indicator comes before a contraction, like the word “out,” only the first letter of the contraction is affected.

Go to the next page.

Page 9

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page. This is an italic symbol indicator—dots 4, 6 in the first cell, and dots 2, 3 in the second cell.

Above the middle line are three rows of braille.

Which row shows the italic symbol indicator?

If you said it's the middle row, you’re right!

Below the middle line are four numbered items.

Read number 1 and find the italic symbol indicator.

Did you find it before the first t in “treat”? Well done!

Now read number 2 and find what’s italicized in this sentence.

This one says: ASAP means as soon as possible.

The a in “as,” the s in “soon,” the a in “as” a second time, and the p in “possible” are italicized.

How about number 3?

Number 3 says: 9 puppies

and the 9 is in italics.

Notice that a symbol indicator is used for 9, because 9 is one symbol—even though it takes two cells to write it in braille.

Finally, read number 4 and find what’s in italics.

This one says: What does the F stand for in John F. Kennedy?

The first F is italicized, but the second one is not.

Turn the page.

Page 10

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page. This is an underlined symbol indicator—dots 4, 5, 6 in the first cell, and dots 2, 3 in the second cell.

Above the middle line are four rows of braille.

Which row shows the underlined symbol indicator?

Did you find it in the first row? That's it!

Below the line are three rows of braille with an underlined symbol—or symbols—in each row.

Read the first row and find what’s underlined.

If you said the capital A is underlined, you got it!

How about the second row?

In this row, the 3 in “34” is underlined.

Finally, give the last row a try, and find two underlined symbols.

This time the y in “story” and the i in “stories” are both underlined.

Did you find the underline in the middle of the word “stories”? That one was a little tricky! If you have questions or you’d like some help, be sure to reach out to a Hadley braille expert.

Move to the next page.

Page 11

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page.

This is a bold symbol indicator, an italic symbol indicator, and an underlined symbol indicator.

Above the middle line are three columns of braille.

Read all three columns, and find which column shows the typeform indicators in this order: italic symbol, bold symbol, underlined word, underlined symbol.

Once again, that’s italic symbol, bold symbol, underlined word, underlined symbol.

If you chose the middle column, you got it!

Below the middle line are four numbered sentences.

Read all four sentences to find how many symbols are underlined.

Did you find five? That’s right! There are five underlined symbols.

In sentence 1, the letter p in “psychology” is underlined, and in sentence 3, the number 2 is underlined 4 different times. Well done!

Next, how many bold indicators were used?

There are four.

The second sentence has all four bold indicators.

Now, how many italics indicators are used?

If you said, 4, you're right.

There's an italic symbol indicator for the p that’s standing alone in the first sentence, an italic word indicator for “HVAC” in the second sentence, and an italic symbol indicator for the dollar sign and for the euro sign in number 4.

Notice that both the dollar sign and the euro sign use an italic symbol indicator. Recall that when a single symbol requires more than one braille cell, the typeform symbol indicator affects the entire symbol.

Turn the page.

Page 12

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page.

This is a bold passage indicator and a bold terminator, an italic passage indicator and an italics terminator, and an underlined passage indicator and an underline terminator.

A passage indicator is used when three or more consecutive words appear in the same typeform.

The typeform passage ends with the typeform terminator. And a terminator must always be used if a passage indicator is used.

Above the middle line are three rows of braille.

Notice that the second cell for each indicator is the same, and the second cell for each terminator is the same.

Let's read these together.

The first row shows a bold passage indicator and a bold terminator.

The middle row shows an italic passage indicator and an italic terminator.

And the last row shows an underlined passage indicator and an underline terminator.

Below the middle line are three rows of braille.

All three rows say the same thing—but they’re each in a different typeface.

Which row shows the passage is underlined?

The middle row is underlined.

Now, which row is in bold?

If you said the first row, that's it!

Finally, what is the typeface used for the last row?

The last row is in italics.

Go to the next page.

Page 13

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page. This is a bold passage indicator and a bold terminator.

The bold passage indicator is dots 4, 5 in the first cell and dots 2, 3, 5, 6 in the second cell.

The bold terminator is dots 4, 5 in the first cell and dot 3 in the second cell.

Above the middle line are six rows of braille.

Which row shows the bold passage indicator?

It's in row four.

Now, which row shows the bold terminator?

If you said the first row, you got it!

Below the middle line are three rows of braille.

Read the first row and find which words are included in the bold passage.

If you said: Improve your health and fitness!

you got it!

Which words are in bold in the second row?

The bold words are: stop, look, listen!

And what’s in bold in the last row?

The words: In your room now,

are all in bold.

Turn the page.

Page 14

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page. This is the italic passage indicator and italic terminator.

The italic passage indicator is dots 4, 6 in the first cell and dots 2, 3, 5, 6 in the second cell.

The italic terminator is dots 4, 6 in the first cell and dot 3 in the second cell.

Above the middle line are six rows of braille.

Which row shows the italic passage indicator?

Did you find it in the third row? That’s right!

How about the italic terminator?

This one is in the fifth row.

Below the middle line are three rows of braille.

In the first row, which words are italicized, and where is the terminator?

The words: Yours for free.

are all italicized, and the terminator comes after the period. You may have noticed that ending punctuation is generally placed before the terminator.

Now try the next row and find which words are italicized?

If you said: Do it NOW!

you got it!

Finally, read the last row and find what’s italicized here.

Here, the words: The Wizard of Oz.

are italicized.

Move to the next page.

Page 15

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page. This is the underlined passage indicator and underline terminator.

The underlined passage indicator is dots 4, 5, 6 in the first cell and dots 2, 3, 5, 6 in the second cell.

The underline terminator is dots 4, 5, 6 in the first cell and dot 3 in the second cell.

Above the middle line are six rows of braille.

Which row shows the underlined passage indicator?

It’s the last row.

And which row has the underline terminator?

Did you find it in the second row? You got it!

Below the middle line are three numbered sentences.

Read sentence 1 and find which words are underlined.

If you said: how to make it

— you’re right!

Now read sentence 2 and notice if any punctuation is included in the underline.

Here, the words, Anne of Green Gables is underlined, and the question mark is also underlined.

Finally read the third sentence and find which words are underlined.

It’s the phrase: Win the ultimate vacation

Turn the page.

Page 16

Feel the braille in the top left corner of the page.

This is a bold passage indicator and a bold terminator, an italic passage indicator and an italic terminator, and an underlined passage indicator and an underline terminator.

Above the middle line are four sentences.

Sentence 1 is written in all capitals, and the entire sentence is in bold.

Let's read it together, and we’ll look at each of the indicators.

The first sentence reads: bold passage indicator, capitalized passage indicator, JUST DO IT, exclamation point, capitals terminator, bold terminator.

When reading or writing a passage that has multiple indicators, the terminators appear in reverse order at the end of the passage.

For example, this sentence begins with a bold passage indicator, then a capitalized passage indicator; and it ends with a capitals terminator, then a bold terminator.

And recall that capital indicators must touch the words that follow, but the order of other indicators doesn't matter.

Now let’s look at the other three sentences.

Which one uses an italic passage indicator and a capitalized passage indicator?

If you said sentence 2, you got it!

Did you notice that the terminators are in reverse order of the indicators?

Next, find the sentence that uses only one passage indicator.

Sentence 3 uses only one passage indicator.

This next one is a little tricky.

Which sentence uses a bold terminator followed by an underline terminator?

It's the last sentence.

Below the middle line are four more sentences.

Go ahead and read the first sentence.

If you read: The 2001 movie O is an updated version of Othello.

with the movie title “O” in italics and the word “Othello” underlined, that’s right!

Now try the next sentence.

This one says: WARNING: Surface May Be Hot!: with the first word in all caps, and the entire sentence in bold and underlined.

What about the third sentence?

The third sentence reads: Do the words perchance and perhaps have the same meaning?

and here, the words “perchance” and “perhaps” are both italicized.

Finally, read the last sentence.

The last sentence says: The words rough and though, bough and through sound different but all have o-u-g-h.

In this one, the words rough, though, bough, and through are all in bold, and the o-u-g-h at the end is underlined.

Go to the next page.

Page 17

Let's do some proofreading.

Each of the numbered items on this page and the next contains errors.

The errors may be in typeform usage, contraction usage, or symbol formation usage.

There are no errors in the title, though. Let’s read it together:

The White House Staff: Interesting facts.

Now, some of these are going to be tricky,

You may need to read them more than once to find the errors.

Let's read number 1 together, and you look for the errors as we read.

Number 1 says: There are 96 full-time and another 250 part-time employees.

In this sentence, the words “full-time” and “part-time” should be in bold.

Did you find any errors?

The first two errors are that “full-time” and “part-time” each need a bold word indicator only at the beginning, since they are each only one-symbol sequence.

For each of these terms, the bold word doesn’t end until the space. And the last error is that the word “part” in “part-time” should be brailled with the contraction dot 5, p.

Now try number 2—can you find the error in this sentence?

The underline terminator is missing.

Now read number 3 and find two errors.

In this one, the word “themselves” should use the shortform, with the contraction for the and the letters m, v, s.

And the passage indicator and terminator should both be italics or bold—not one of each.

Read number 4 and find the errors here.

Did you find 2 errors?

The first is that the t-i-o-n groupsign in “positions” should be dots 5, 6, n—not dots 4, 6, n.

And the second is: a bold passage indicator and terminator are needed, instead of three bold word indicators, for the phrase “word of mouth.”

Next, find the one error in sentence 5.

If you said the shortform for “declare” should be used, that’s right!

What’s the error in number 6?

In this one, "work" should be brailled with dot 5, w—not dots 4, 5, w.

Now read sentence 7 and find four errors.

In sentence 7, the e-a contraction should be used in the word “reasonable,” the capital word indicator should be used instead of the capital passage indicator before the word NEVER, the dot 5, e contraction for "ever" should also be used in NEVER, and the closing quotation mark at the end should be dots 3, 5, 6.

Now try number 8.

In this one, the lower f-f contraction cannot be used for the word “staff.”

Turn the page to try a few more.

Page 18

The White House Staff: continued

On this page, read sentence 9 and see if you can find two errors.

Here are the errors in sentence 9: The o-w contraction should be used in the word “window,” and the words “Truman Balcony” should have bold word indicators rather than a bold passage indicator and terminator.

Number 10 has only one error—can you spot it?

Did you find that the e-d contraction in the word “resulted” was incorrect?

It should be dots 1, 2, 4, 6.

What are the errors in sentence 11?

Here the letters d-i-s in “dismissed” should be contracted.

And the numeral 7 should have an italic symbol indicator instead of an italic word indicator.

Sentence 12 has only one error—see if you can find that one.

The phrase “time-and-a-half” needs an italic word indicator at the beginning only, instead of an italic passage indicator and terminator.

And finally, give number 13 a try.

This time the alphabetic wordsigns x for "it" and e for “every” should be used.

Those were really tricky!

When you’re ready to complete this workshop, select Next.

Completion

Congratulations! You’ve learned how to italicize, boldface, and underline in braille.

And you’ve completed Hadley’s series Braille Special Symbols!

If you’d like to practice writing with braille special symbols, check out our “Braille Special Symbols Writing” series, and reach out to a Hadley braille expert at 847-784-2816. We’re happy to help!